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Routing Protocols Explained: A Guide for Beginners
If you want to learn how computers communicate with each other over a network, you need to understand routing protocols. Routing protocols are the rules that determine how data packets are sent from one device to another. They help routers find the best path to deliver the packets to their destination.
In this article, we will explain what routing protocols are, why they are important, and what are the main types of routing protocols. We will also provide some examples of routing protocols and how they work.
What are Routing Protocols
Routing is the process of forwarding data packets from one network to another. A network is a group of devices that can communicate with each other using a common protocol, such as IP (Internet Protocol). A router is a device that connects two or more networks and decides where to send the packets based on their destination address.
A routing protocol is a set of rules that routers use to communicate with each other and exchange information about the network topology. The network topology is the structure and layout of the networks and how they are connected. By sharing this information, routers can build a routing table, which is a database that contains the best routes to reach every network.
A routing table consists of entries that map a destination network to a next hop, which is the next router or device along the path. For example, if a router has an entry that says \"To reach network 10.0.0.0/24, go to next hop 192.168.1.1\", it means that any packet destined for network 10.0.0.0/24 should be sent to the device with IP address 192.168.1.1.
Routing protocols can be classified into two main categories: static and dynamic.
Static Routing
Static routing is when the routing table is manually configured by an administrator. The administrator has to specify every entry in the routing table and update it whenever there is a change in the network topology. Static routing is simple and secure, but it is not scalable or adaptable to network failures.
Static routing is suitable for small and simple networks that do not change frequently. However, for large and complex networks that have many routers and devices, static routing can be tedious and error-prone.
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing is when the routing table is automatically updated by using a routing protocol. The routers exchange information about the network topology with each other and use an algorithm to calculate the best routes to every destination. Dynamic routing is scalable and adaptable to network changes and failures, but it requires more resources and overhead than static routing.
Dynamic routing is suitable for large and complex networks that have many routers and devices and change frequently. However, for small and simple networks that do not change much, dynamic routing can be unnecessary and wasteful.
Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols
There are many types of dynamic routing protocols, but they can be grouped into three main categories: distance vector, link state, and hybrid.
Distance Vector
Distance vector protocols are based on the principle of \"routing by rumor\". Each router only knows about its directly connected neighbors and the distance (or cost) to reach them. The distance can be measured by various metrics, such as hop count, bandwidth, delay, or reliability.
The routers periodically send their entire routing table to their neighbors, who then update their own table based on the information received. If a router learns about a new or better route to a destination from its neighbor, it adds or updates its entry in its table and propagates it to its other neighbors.
This process continues until all routers have consistent and accurate information about the whole network. This is called convergence. However, convergence can be slow and cause problems such as loops or count-to-infinity.
A loop is when a packet is sent back and forth between two or more routers indefinitely because they have incorrect or outdated information about the best path to a destination. A count-to-infinity is when a router increases its distance to a destination indefinitely because it does not know that the destination is unreachable.
To prevent these problems, distance vector protocols use various techniques such as split horizon, poison reverse, hold down timers, or triggered updates.
An example of a distance vector protocol aa16f39245